BE>>            Func<Visit_Reason,string> locReason;
BE>>            
BE>>            ...
BE>>            
BE>>            cBVisitReason.DataSource = (from p in db.Visit_Reason
BE>>                                  where p.IsDeleted == false
BE>>                                  select new
BE>>                                  {
BE>>                                      p.ID,
BE>>                                      Reason = locReason(p)
BE>>                                  }).ToList();
BE>>

BE>>            Expr<Func<Visit_Reason,string>> locReason;
BE>>            
BE>>            ...
BE>>            
BE>>            cBVisitReason.DataSource = (from p in db.Visit_Reason.AsExpandable()
BE>>                                  where p.IsDeleted == false
BE>>                                  select new
BE>>                                  {
BE>>                                      p.ID,
BE>>                                      Reason = locReason.Invoke(p)
BE>>                                  }).ToList();
BE>>

interface ILocalizedDectionary 
{ 
    public string Reason_UA {get;set}
    public string Reason_RU {get;set}
}

class Visit_Reason : ILocalizedDictionary
{}

class Leave_Reason : ILocalizedDictionary
{}

Expr<Func<ILocalizedDictionary,string>> locReason;

var visitReasons = (from p in db.Visit_Reason 
                                  select new
                                  {
                                      Reason = locReason(p)
                                  }).ToList();

var leaveReasons = (from p in db.Leave_Reason 
                                  select new
                                  {
                                      Reason = locReason(p)
                                  }).ToList();

class ReasonItem
{
    public static bool isRu = true;
    ID
    ReasonRu
    ReasonEn      

    DisplayReason
    {
        get{
            return isRu ? ReasonRu : ReasonEn // Примерно так
        }
    }
}

var result = (from p in db.Visit_Reason
                          where p.IsDeleted == false
                          select new ReasonItem
                          {
                              p.ID,
                              ReasonRu = p.Reason_RU,
                              ReasonEn = p.Reason_En,
                          }).ToList();

cBVisitReason.ValueMember = "ID";
cBVisitReason.DisplayMember = "DisplayReason";

    public class Class1
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name_Ru { get; set; }
        public string Name_En { get; set; }
        public string Name_De { get; set; }
    }

    public enum Lang
    {
        Ru,
        En,
        De
    }

    public static class ExtClass
    {
        public static TValue LocalizedValue<TObj, TValue>(this TObj obj, Expression<Func<TObj, TValue>> property, Lang lang)
        {
            if (property.Body is MemberExpression member)
            {
                if (member.Member.MemberType == System.Reflection.MemberTypes.Property)
                {
                    var name = member.Member.Name;
                    var locName = Regex.Replace(name, @"_.+$", $"_{lang.ToString()}");
                    return (TValue)typeof(TObj).GetProperty(locName).GetValue(obj);
                }
            }
            throw new Exception();
        }
    }

            Class1 c1 = new Class1 { Name_De = "Deutsch", Name_En = "English", Name_Ru = "Русский" };
            Console.WriteLine($"Английский: {c1.LocalizedValue(c => c.Name_Ru, Lang.En)}");
            Console.WriteLine($"Немецкий: {c1.LocalizedValue(c => c.Name_En, Lang.De)}");
            Console.WriteLine($"Русский: {c1.LocalizedValue(c => c.Name_De, Lang.Ru)}");

create table Visit_Reason
(
ID int identity(1,1) not null primary key,
Reason_RU nvarchar(256) not null,
Reason_UA nvarchar(256) not null,
Reason_EN nvarchar(256) not null,
NeedComment bit default 0,
IsDeleted bit default 0,
CreationDate datetime default getdate()
)

private void BindingVisitReasonCombo()
        {
            var result = (from p in db.Visit_Reason
                          where p.IsDeleted == false
                          select new 
                          {
                              p.ID,
                              Reason = p.Reason_RU
                          }).ToList();

            cBVisitReason.DataSource = result;

            cBVisitReason.ValueMember = "ID";
            cBVisitReason.DisplayMember = "Reason";

            cBVisitReason.Refresh();
        }

create table Visit_Reason
(
    ID int identity(1,1) not null primary key,
    NeedComment bit default 0,
    IsDeleted bit default 0,
    CreationDate datetime default getdate()
)
create table Visit_Reason_Names
(
    ID int not null,
    Locale char(5) not null,
    Name varchar(256) not null
)

private void BindingVisitReasonCombo()
{
    var result = (from p in db.Visit_Reason
        join l in Visit_Reason_Names on p.ID equals n.ID
        where p.IsDeleted == false && l.Locale == CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.Name
        select new 
        {
            p.ID,
            Reason = l.Name
        }).ToList();

    cBVisitReason.DataSource = result;

    cBVisitReason.ValueMember = "ID";
    cBVisitReason.DisplayMember = "Reason";

    cBVisitReason.Refresh();
}

• Entity Framework — простыми способами никак, если вообще возможно
  
• LinqToSql — никак
  
• NHibernate — в глаза не видел
  
• Linq2db — переопределить MappingSchema.

private void BindingVisitReasonCombo()
        {
            dynamic result;
            switch (cultureInfo.Name)
            {
                case "uk-UA":
                    result = (from p in db.Visit_Reason
                                  where p.IsDeleted == false
                                  select new
                                  {
                                      p.ID,
                                      Reason = p.Reason_UA
                                  }).ToList();
                    break;
                case "en-US":
                    result = (from p in db.Visit_Reason
                                  where p.IsDeleted == false
                                  select new
                                  {
                                      p.ID,
                                      Reason = p.Reason_EN
                                  }).ToList();
                    break;
                default:
                    result = (from p in db.Visit_Reason
                                  where p.IsDeleted == false
                                  select new
                                  {
                                      p.ID,
                                      Reason = p.Reason_RU
                                  }).ToList();
                    break;
            }

            cBVisitReason.DataSource = result;

            cBVisitReason.ValueMember = "ID";
            cBVisitReason.DisplayMember = "Reason";

            cBVisitReason.Refresh();
        }

// localizes only root objects (DEFAULT)
var planets = _db.Planets.Localize<Planet>("en", LocalizationDepth.Shallow);

public static IQueryable<T> Localize<T>(this IQueryable<T> query)
{
   // трансформировать IQueryable.Expression, и создать новый IQueryable - какой-то клас из EF, какой надо копать
}